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Sobrecarga y depresión durante el confinamiento por COVID 19 en cuidadores de adultos mayores217
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Objetivo: Analizar si la sintomatología depresiva y la sobrecarga en cuidadores principales de adultos mayores durante el confinamiento por la pandemia variaban en función de variables sociodemográficas y de salud del cuidador y del receptor de cuidados, así como explorar la direccionalidad predictiva entre ambas variables. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuantitativo, analítico y transversal, con diseño no experimental. Participaron 159 cuidadores principales seleccionados por conveniencia. Se recabaron datos sociodemográficos y de salud, y se aplicaron la Escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck-II. El estudio fue aprobado por un comité de ética. Los datos fueron analizados mediante el programa SPSS. Resultados: Los cuidadores de adultos mayores con enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mayores niveles de dependencia reportaron mayor sobrecarga. Aquellos que padecían enfermedades crónicas presentaron más síntomas depresivos. La sobrecarga fue una variable predictora significativa de sintomatología depresiva. Además, cuando los adultos mayores salían con frecuencia durante el confinamiento, los cuidadores reportaron una menor expectativa de autoeficacia. Limitaciones: El uso de un muestreo no probabilístico y el diseño transversal limitan la generalización de los hallazgos y la inferencia causal. Originalidad: Este estudio aporta evidencia empírica sobre los efectos del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la salud mental de cuidadores, resaltando el papel de la sobrecarga como factor de riesgo. Conclusiones: La sobrecarga y los síntomas depresivos fueron más elevados en cuidadores con mayores demandas asistenciales. La sobrecarga desempeñó un papel central como predictor del malestar emocional, lo que subraya la necesidad de intervenciones dirigidas a su reducción.
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