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Anxiety, alcohol consumption and changes in eating habits: other consequences of COVID-19924
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Jan 15, 2025
Keywords:
Anxiety, Alcohol, eating habits
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Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in anxiety symptoms, alcohol consumption, and changes in eating habits were modified in the Mexican population. The objective of the present investigation was to identify symptoms of anxiety, alcohol consumption and eating habits in the Mexican adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted among 1110 Mexican adults. A sociodemographic data questionnaire, Beck anxiety inventory, alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT), and food frequency consumption classified using the NOVA system were applied. The highest participation was in women (66.48%). The data showed that the general population presented mild anxious symptoms (75.5%). 87.75% of those surveyed, were teetotalers or with low-risk alcohol consumption. 58.38% of the participants considered that their diet was healthy before and during confinement. In conclusion, women were more susceptible to suffering from anxiety symptoms compared to men. A decrease in alcohol consumption and a trend towards the consumption of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables were observed. However, the consumption of ultraprocessed foods such as desserts and junk food, increased. These data will help design strategies in stressful and unexpected situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, to try to maintain the physical and mental health in population.
Keywords: Anxiety, alcohol consumption, eating habits, COVID-19.
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Rodríguez-Yoval , R., Cibrian-Llanderal , T., Rodríguez-Landa , J.-F., Acosta-Mesa, H.-G., Martínez-Moreno, A.-G., Herrera Meza, S., & Fernádez-Barradas, E.-Y. (2025). Anxiety, alcohol consumption and changes in eating habits: other consequences of COVID-19. Revista Del Centro De Investigación De La Universidad La Salle, 16(63), 3615. https://doi.org/10.26457/recein.2025.3615
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References
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McCullen, J., Counts, C., & John-Henderson, N. (2022). Childhood adversity and emotion regulation strategies as predictors of psychological stress and mental health in American Indian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001106
Monteiro, C., Cannon, G., Moubarac, J., Levy, R., Louzada, M., & Constante, P. (2018). The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000234
Neil, E., Meyer, D., Lin, W., Van Rheenen, T., Phillipou, A., Tan, E., & Lee, S. (2020). Alcohol use in Australia during early days of the COVID-19 pandemic: Initial results from the COLLATE Project. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(10), 542-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13099
Nicolini, H. (2020). Depresión y ansiedad en los tiempos de la pandemia de COVID-19. Academia Mexicana de Cirugía, 88(5), 542-547. https://doi.org/10.24875/CIRU.M20000067
Özdin, S., & Bayran, S. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5):504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
Phelan, N., Behan, L., & Owens, L. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s reproductive health. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12:642755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.642755
Reed, S., Levin, F., & Evans, S. (2008). Changes in mood, cognitive performance and appetite in the late luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder). Hormones and Behavior, 54(1):185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.018
Reynolds, T., Makhanova, A., Marcinkowska, U., Jasienska, G., McNulty, J., Eckel, L., ... Maner, J. (2018). Progesterone and women's anxiety across the menstrual cycle. Hormones and Behavior, 102, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.008
Robles, R., Varela, R., Jurado, S., & Páez, F. (2001). Versión mexicana del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck: propiedades psicométricas. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 18(2), 211-218.
Saeed, H., Eslami, A., Nassif, N., Simpson, A., & Lal, S. (2022). Anxiety linked to COVID-19: A systematic review comparing anxiety rates in different populations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042189
Segovia, L., Santacruz, D., Martínez, D., & Mora, J. (2022). Prosocialidad en la pandemia. Poliantea, 17(30), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.15765/poliantea.v17i1%20(30).3267
Shayani, D., Arditte Hall, K., Isley, B., Rohan, K., Zvolensky, M., & Nillni, Y. (2020). The role of health anxiety in the experience of perceived stress across the menstrual cycle. Anxiety, Stress, Coping, 33(6), 706-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1802434
Smith, A., Miller, S., Bodell, L., Ribeiro, J., Joiner Jr, T., & Maner, J. (2015). Cycles of risk: associations between menstrual cycle and suicidal ideation among women. Personality and Individual Differences, 74:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.043
Stanton, R., To, Q., Khalesi, S., Williams, S., Alley, S., Thwaite, T., . . . Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065
Telumbre, J., & Sánchez, B. (2015). Consumo de alcohol en adolescentes del estado de Guerrero, México. Health and Addictions, 15(1), 79-86.
Verma, S., & Mishra, A. (2020). Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020934508
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Villaseñor, K., Jiménez, A., Ortega, A., Islas, L., González, O., & Silva Pereira, T. S. (2020). Cambios en el estilo de vida y nutrición durante el confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en México: un estudio observacional. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética, 25(2):1099. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.S2.1099
Viteri, C., Guanga, V., Cabrera, J., & Merlín, M. (2022). Consumo alimentario durante el confinamiento por Covid-19, en una población de Ecuador y México. La Ciencia al Servicio de la Salud, 12(2), 23-35.
Wang, Y., Lu, H., Hu, M., Wu, S., Chen, J., Wang, L., . . . & Liao, Y. (2020). Alcohol consumption in China before and during COVID-19: Preliminary results from an online retrospective survey. Frontier in Psychiatry,11, 597826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.597826
Auné, S., Abal, F., & Attorresi, H. (2015). Conducta prosocial y estereotipos de géneros. Revista de Psicología. 17(27), 7-19.
Avery, A., Tsang, S., Seto, E., & Duncan, G. (2020). Stress, anxi ety, and change in alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings among adult twin pairs. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 571084. https://doi.org/10.3389/2020.571084
Babor, T., Higgins, J., Saunders, J., & Monteiro, M. (2001). Cuestionario de identificación de los Trastornos debidos al Consumo de Alcohol. Ginebra, OMS.
Carrillo, V., Reyes, M., Escamilla, G., & González, B. (2021). Conducta alimentaria y consumo de alcohol durante el distanciamiento social por COVID-19 en México: un estudio exploratorio. Ciencia y Sociedad, 46(2): 7-30. https://doi.org/10.22206/cys.2021.v46i2.pp7-30
Choi, E., Hui, B., & Wan, E. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103740
CONADIC. Comisión Nacional contra las Adicciones. Secretaría de Salud. (2020). Consumo de bebidas alcohólicas durante la Jornada Nacional de Sana Distancia por COVID-19. Recuperado de https://www.gob.mx/salud/ conadic/documentos/consumo-de-bebidas-alcoholicas-durante-la-jornada-nacional-de-sana-distancia-por-covid-19
Cortés, N., Piñeiro, R., & Vuelvas, C. (2020). Psychological effects and associated factors of COVID-19 in and Mexican sample. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 14, 413-424. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.215
Duc, T., Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., Minh, H., & Fisher, J. (2020). Alcohol use and mental health status during the first months of COVID-19 pandemic in Australia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 810-813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.012
ENSANUT. (2018). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2018-2019. Recuperado de https://ensanut.insp.mx/encuestas/ensanut2018/doctos/informes/ensanut_2018_informe_final.pdf
ENSANUT. (2020). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre COVID-19. Recuperado de https://ensanut.insp.mx/encuestas/ensanutcontinua2020/doctos/informes/ensanutCovid19ResultadosNacionales.pdf
Galindo, O., Ramírez, M., Costas, R., Mendoza, L., Calderillo, G., & Meneses, A. (2020). Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y conductas de autocuidado durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en la población general. Gaceta Médica de México, 156, 298-305. https://doi.org/10.24875/GMM.20000266
García, L., & Cerda, A. (2020). Contingent assessment of the COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccine. 38, 5424- 5429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.068
Hou, L., Chang, L., Chen, L., & Zhou, R. (2020). Reduced reward responsiveness in women with moderate-to-severe premenstrual syndrome: Evidence from a probabilistic reward task. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00028
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Karatzias, T., Bentall, R., . . . & Vallieres, F. (2020). Anxiety and depression in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 142, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13219
Ibarra, I., Cárdenas, J., Ruíz, R., & Salazar, R. (2020). Mexico and the COVID-19 response. Society for Disaster medicine and Public Health, 260, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.260
INEGI. (2021). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Recuperado de. https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2021/EstSociodemo/ENBIARE_2021.pdf
Macías, M., Pérez, C., López, L., Beltrán, L., & Morgado, C. (2019). Trastornos de ansiedad: revisión bibliográfica de la perspectiva actual. Neurobiología: Revista electrónica, 24, 1-11.
McCullen, J., Counts, C., & John-Henderson, N. (2022). Childhood adversity and emotion regulation strategies as predictors of psychological stress and mental health in American Indian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Emotion. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001106
Monteiro, C., Cannon, G., Moubarac, J., Levy, R., Louzada, M., & Constante, P. (2018). The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutrition, 21(1), 5-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000234
Neil, E., Meyer, D., Lin, W., Van Rheenen, T., Phillipou, A., Tan, E., & Lee, S. (2020). Alcohol use in Australia during early days of the COVID-19 pandemic: Initial results from the COLLATE Project. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(10), 542-549. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13099
Nicolini, H. (2020). Depresión y ansiedad en los tiempos de la pandemia de COVID-19. Academia Mexicana de Cirugía, 88(5), 542-547. https://doi.org/10.24875/CIRU.M20000067
Özdin, S., & Bayran, S. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5):504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051
Phelan, N., Behan, L., & Owens, L. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s reproductive health. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12:642755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.642755
Reed, S., Levin, F., & Evans, S. (2008). Changes in mood, cognitive performance and appetite in the late luteal and follicular phases of the menstrual cycle in women with and without PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder). Hormones and Behavior, 54(1):185-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.02.018
Reynolds, T., Makhanova, A., Marcinkowska, U., Jasienska, G., McNulty, J., Eckel, L., ... Maner, J. (2018). Progesterone and women's anxiety across the menstrual cycle. Hormones and Behavior, 102, 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.008
Robles, R., Varela, R., Jurado, S., & Páez, F. (2001). Versión mexicana del Inventario de Ansiedad de Beck: propiedades psicométricas. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 18(2), 211-218.
Saeed, H., Eslami, A., Nassif, N., Simpson, A., & Lal, S. (2022). Anxiety linked to COVID-19: A systematic review comparing anxiety rates in different populations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042189
Segovia, L., Santacruz, D., Martínez, D., & Mora, J. (2022). Prosocialidad en la pandemia. Poliantea, 17(30), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.15765/poliantea.v17i1%20(30).3267
Shayani, D., Arditte Hall, K., Isley, B., Rohan, K., Zvolensky, M., & Nillni, Y. (2020). The role of health anxiety in the experience of perceived stress across the menstrual cycle. Anxiety, Stress, Coping, 33(6), 706-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2020.1802434
Smith, A., Miller, S., Bodell, L., Ribeiro, J., Joiner Jr, T., & Maner, J. (2015). Cycles of risk: associations between menstrual cycle and suicidal ideation among women. Personality and Individual Differences, 74:35-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.043
Stanton, R., To, Q., Khalesi, S., Williams, S., Alley, S., Thwaite, T., . . . Vandelanotte, C. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114065
Telumbre, J., & Sánchez, B. (2015). Consumo de alcohol en adolescentes del estado de Guerrero, México. Health and Addictions, 15(1), 79-86.
Verma, S., & Mishra, A. (2020). Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020934508
Villanueva, V., Motos, P., Isorna, M., Villanueva, V., Blay, P. & Vázquez, A. (2021). Impacto de las medidas de confinamiento durante la pandemia de Covid-19 en el consumo de riesgo de alcohol. Revista Española de Salud Pública, 95, 202101015.
Villaseñor, K., Jiménez, A., Ortega, A., Islas, L., González, O., & Silva Pereira, T. S. (2020). Cambios en el estilo de vida y nutrición durante el confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en México: un estudio observacional. Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética, 25(2):1099. https://doi.org/10.14306/renhyd.25.S2.1099
Viteri, C., Guanga, V., Cabrera, J., & Merlín, M. (2022). Consumo alimentario durante el confinamiento por Covid-19, en una población de Ecuador y México. La Ciencia al Servicio de la Salud, 12(2), 23-35.
Wang, Y., Lu, H., Hu, M., Wu, S., Chen, J., Wang, L., . . . & Liao, Y. (2020). Alcohol consumption in China before and during COVID-19: Preliminary results from an online retrospective survey. Frontier in Psychiatry,11, 597826. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.597826