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Leader Behavior Expectations from a Gender Perspective: An Extension of the LEAD Study in Mexico1662
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may 27, 2020
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leadership; LEAD; gender; Mexico
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La sub-representación de mujeres en roles de liderazgo en México está bien documentada. Esta investigación cuantitativa fue diseñada para medir expectativas sobre lideres efectivos de participantes de género femenino y masculino. La escala de liderazgo transformacional y transaccional de Podsakoff et al. (1990) fue utilizada. Se llevaron a cabo Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y pruebas t de muestras independientes. Los resultados sugieren que los participantes de género masculino y femenino asignan similares niveles de importancia al rol del líder en inspirar una visión compartida entre sus seguidores. Además, las mujeres en la muestra atribuyen menor importancia que sus contrapartes hombres al rol del líder en trabajar a través de divisiones organizacionales y en establecer altas expectativas de desempeño. Se discuten limitaciones, implicaciones, y áreas de futura investigación.
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Diaz, E. R., & Lituchy, T. R. (2020). Leader Behavior Expectations from a Gender Perspective: An Extension of the LEAD Study in Mexico. Revista Del Centro De Investigación De La Universidad La Salle, 13(52), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.26457/recein.v13i52.2459
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Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(5/6), 1–13.
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Díaz, E. R. (2018). Leadership self-efficacy: A study of male and female MBA students in Mexico. Advancing Women in Leadership, 38, 27–34.
Diehl, A. B. & Dzubinski, L. M. (2016). Making the invisible visible: A cross-sector analysis of gender-based leadership barriers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 27(2), 181–206. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21248
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Eagly, A. H. & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781.
Ely, R. J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D. M. (2011). Taking gender into account: Theory and design for women’s leadership development programs. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3), 474–493. doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0046
Erazo Caicedo, M. I., del Carmen Jiménez Ruiz, M., & López Morales, C. (2014). Empoderamiento y liderazgo femenino: Su papel en la autogestión comunitaria en el corregimiento El Hormiguero - Valle del Cauca. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 32(1), 149–157. doi:10.12804/apl32.1.2014.10
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Grosse, R. & Romero Simpson, J. E. (2007). Managerial problem-solving styles: A cross-cultural study. Latin American Business Review, 8(2), 41–67. doi:10.1080/10978520802084149
Fischbach, A., Lichtenthaler, P. W., & Horstmann, N. (2015). Leadership and gender stereotyping of emotions: Think manager – think male? Journal of Personnel Psychology, 14(3), doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000136
Foli, K. J., Braswell, M., Kirkpatrick, J., & Lim, E. (2014). Development of leadership behaviors in undergraduate nursing students: A service-learning approach. Nursing Education Perspectives (National League for Nursing), 35(2), 76–82. doi:10.5480/11-578.1
Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey research methods (5th edition). Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Galperin, B. L., Lituchy, T. R., Acquaah, M., Bewaji, T., & Ford, D. (2014). Leadership and motivation in the African diaspora: The United States and Canada. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 31(4), 257–269. doi: 10.1002/cjas.1296
Gandolfi, F. (2012). A conceptual discussion of transformational leadership and intercultural competence. Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International, 13(4), 522–534.
Gandolfi, F., & Stone, S. (2017). The emergence of leadership styles: A clarified categorization. Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International, 18(1), 18–30.
Heifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 67–90. doi:10.5465/AMP.2006.19873410
Kellerman, B. (2012). The end of leadership. New York, NY, HarperCollins Publishers.
Kim, M. (2017). Effects of team diversity, transformational leadership, and perceived organizational support on team-learning behavior. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 45(8), 1255–1270. doi:10.2224/sbp.6325
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616–642. doi:10.1037/a0023557
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). The leadership challenge: How extraordinary things happen in organizations. (Fifth edition). San Francisco, CA, Leadership Challenge.
Lanaj, K., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2015). Leadership over-emergence in self-managing teams: The role of gender and countervailing biases. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1476–1494. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0303
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Lituchy, T. R., Metwally, E. K., & Henderson, C. A. (2017). Views on effective leadership from insiders and outsiders. AIB Insights, 17(1), 19–22.
Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano, A. (2011). Teorías implícitas del liderazgo masculino y femenino según ámbito de desempeño. Ciencias Psicológicas, 5(2), 139–150.
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Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G. J., & Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical considerations for using exploratory factor analysis in educational research. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 18(5/6), 1–13.
Behrens, A. (2013). Thoughts on business leadership in emerging markets: A side effect of economic colonialism or simply poor management? Thunderbird International Business Review, 55(2), 227–234. doi:10.1002/tie.21537
Brumley, K. M. (2014). “Now, we have the same rights as men to keep our jobs”: Gendered perceptions of opportunity and obstacles in a Mexican workplace. Gender, Work & Organization, 21(3), 217–230. doi: 10.1111/gwao.12031
Camarena Adame, M. E. & Saavedra García, M. L. (2018a). El techo de cristal en México. Revista de Estudios de Género. La Ventana, 5(47), 312–347.
Camarena Adame, M. E. & Saavedra García, M. L. (2018b). La Perspectiva de género en los programas de estudio de las licenciaturas contables administrativas. Estudios Regionales en Economía, Población y Desarrollo, (46), 39–58. doi:10.20983/noesis.2018.2.3
Carriles Álvarez, A., Beltrán-Godoy, J. H., & Mata-Mata, L. (2019). The effect of women’s identity and emancipative values in female labor force participation: A comparison between Latin American and OECD countries. Nova Scientia, 11(22), 323-356. doi: 10.21640/ns.v11i22.1785
Čarter, T., Lang, R., & Szabo, E. (2013). Values and leadership expectations of future managers: Theoretical basis and methodological approach of the GLOBE Student project. Journal for East European Management Studies, 18(4), 442–462.
Chemers, M. M. (2000). Leadership research and theory: A functional integration. Group Dynamics: Theory, research, and practice, 4(1), 27-43. doi:10.1037/1089-2699.4.1.27
Cruz, I. J. (2018). Desigualdad numérica entre hombres y mujeres en los consejos de administración en grandes empresas mexicanas. Revista de Estudios de Género. La Ventana, 5(47), 282–311.
Dappa, K., Bhatti, F., & Aljarah, A. (2019). A study on the effect of transformational leadership on job satisfaction: The role of gender, perceived organizational politics and perceived organizational commitment. Management Science Letters, 9(6), 823-834.
Day, D. R., & Stogdill, R. M. (1972). Leader behavior of male and female supervisors: A comparative study. Personnel Psychology, 25(2), 353–360. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1972.tb01110.x
Debebe, G. (2009). Transformational learning in women’s leadership development training. Advancing Women in Leadership, 29(7), 1–12.
De Hoogh, A. H. B., Den Hartog, D. N., & Nevicka, B. (2015). Gender differences in the perceived effectiveness of narcissistic leaders. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 64(3), 473–498. doi:10.1111/apps.12015
Díaz, E. R. (2018). Leadership self-efficacy: A study of male and female MBA students in Mexico. Advancing Women in Leadership, 38, 27–34.
Diehl, A. B. & Dzubinski, L. M. (2016). Making the invisible visible: A cross-sector analysis of gender-based leadership barriers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 27(2), 181–206. doi:10.1002/hrdq.21248
Dubinsky, K., González Pagés, J. C., Rubenstein, A., Kaufman, M., & Zarza, Z. (2014). Looking back and moving forward--Reflections on Latin American and Caribbean studies. Canadian Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Studies, 39(1), 139–156.
Dzubinski, L. M., & Diehl, A. B. (2018). The problem of gender essentialism and its implications for women in leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 12(1), 56–61. doi:10.1002/jls.21565
Eagly, A. H. & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781.
Ely, R. J., Ibarra, H., & Kolb, D. M. (2011). Taking gender into account: Theory and design for women’s leadership development programs. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3), 474–493. doi:10.5465/amle.2010.0046
Erazo Caicedo, M. I., del Carmen Jiménez Ruiz, M., & López Morales, C. (2014). Empoderamiento y liderazgo femenino: Su papel en la autogestión comunitaria en el corregimiento El Hormiguero - Valle del Cauca. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 32(1), 149–157. doi:10.12804/apl32.1.2014.10
Graen, G. B. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross-cultural lesson in leadership from project GLOBE: A response viewed from the third culture bonding (TCB) model of cross-cultural leadership. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(4), 95–101. doi:10.5465/AMP.2006.23270309
Grosse, R. & Romero Simpson, J. E. (2007). Managerial problem-solving styles: A cross-cultural study. Latin American Business Review, 8(2), 41–67. doi:10.1080/10978520802084149
Fischbach, A., Lichtenthaler, P. W., & Horstmann, N. (2015). Leadership and gender stereotyping of emotions: Think manager – think male? Journal of Personnel Psychology, 14(3), doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000136
Foli, K. J., Braswell, M., Kirkpatrick, J., & Lim, E. (2014). Development of leadership behaviors in undergraduate nursing students: A service-learning approach. Nursing Education Perspectives (National League for Nursing), 35(2), 76–82. doi:10.5480/11-578.1
Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey research methods (5th edition). Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Galperin, B. L., Lituchy, T. R., Acquaah, M., Bewaji, T., & Ford, D. (2014). Leadership and motivation in the African diaspora: The United States and Canada. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 31(4), 257–269. doi: 10.1002/cjas.1296
Gandolfi, F. (2012). A conceptual discussion of transformational leadership and intercultural competence. Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International, 13(4), 522–534.
Gandolfi, F., & Stone, S. (2017). The emergence of leadership styles: A clarified categorization. Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International, 18(1), 18–30.
Heifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M. S., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 67–90. doi:10.5465/AMP.2006.19873410
Kellerman, B. (2012). The end of leadership. New York, NY, HarperCollins Publishers.
Kim, M. (2017). Effects of team diversity, transformational leadership, and perceived organizational support on team-learning behavior. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 45(8), 1255–1270. doi:10.2224/sbp.6325
Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616–642. doi:10.1037/a0023557
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). The leadership challenge: How extraordinary things happen in organizations. (Fifth edition). San Francisco, CA, Leadership Challenge.
Lanaj, K., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2015). Leadership over-emergence in self-managing teams: The role of gender and countervailing biases. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1476–1494. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0303
Lewis, K. (2018). Gender-gaps, gender-based social norms, and conditioning from the vantage point of leadership theories. International Forum of Teaching & Studies, 14(1), 17–25.
Lituchy, T. R., Díaz, E. R., & Velez-Torres, F. (2017). LEAD Mexico: Insights from Insider and Outsider Interviews. AIB Insights, 17(1), 23–26.
Lituchy, T. R., Metwally, E. K., & Henderson, C. A. (2017). Views on effective leadership from insiders and outsiders. AIB Insights, 17(1), 19–22.
Lupano Perugini, M. L. & Castro Solano, A. (2011). Teorías implícitas del liderazgo masculino y femenino según ámbito de desempeño. Ciencias Psicológicas, 5(2), 139–150.
Madero Gómez, S. M. (2010). Factores relevantes del desarrollo profesional y de compensaciones en la carrera laboral del trabajador. Contaduría y Administración, (232), 109–130.
Madrigal Torres, B. E., Luna Ruiz, R. G., & Vargas Hernández, J. G. (2017). Liderazgo multicultural: Estudio comparativo India-México. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Economicas: Investigación y Reflexión, 25(2), 123–137.doi:10.18359/rfce.2147
Mendoza Martínez, I. A. (2013). Liderazgo transformacional y desgaste profesional de personal docente de Escuelas Normales del Estado de México. Revista del Centro de Investigación. Universidad La Salle, 10(39), 57–79.
Michaud, J., Lituchy, T. R., Acosta, M., Villegas Romero, F., Velez-Torres, F., & Díaz, E. R. (2019). Effective leadership in Mexico: An extension of the LEAD project. Journal of African Business, 20(1), 72-90. doi:10.1080/15228916.2019.1583936
Muller, H. J. & Rowell, M. (1997). Mexican women managers: An emerging profile. Human Resource Management, 36(4), 423–435. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199724)36:4<423::AID-HRM6>3.0.CO;2-X
Muniz Prado, R. & de Souza Fleith, D. (2018). Female leadership talent development: The Brazilian context. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 36(2), 363–372. doi: 10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.4619
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